NAD+ & Metabolism
RESEARCH PURPOSES ONLY
All products sold by AbsoluteBioLab are strictly for laboratory and research purposes only. They are not intended for human consumption, diagnosis, treatment, prevention or cure of any disease. Not for veterinary use. By purchasing from us, you confirm you are a qualified researcher.
AbsoluteBioLab supplies high-purity cellular energy precursors and mitochondrial research compounds—including NAD+, MOTS-c, and SS-31—exclusively to UK laboratories and academic institutions. Every batch is HPLC-verified (≥99.0% purity) and dispatched domestically from our secure UK facility.
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Receptor Selectivity & Comparative Biochemistry
The compounds catalogued within this NAD+ & Metabolism Research Products category represent four mechanistically distinct interventions in cellular bioenergetics. From the universal redox cofactor NAD+ to the mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31, each molecule engages a discrete molecular node within the metabolic network. The comparative table below summarises their primary receptor or molecular targets, structural identities, and principal research applications to assist investigators in selecting the most appropriate compound for their experimental design.
| Compound | Primary Receptor / Molecular Target | Molecular Formula | Molecular Mass (Da) | Primary Research Focus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAD+ 500mg | Sirtuins (SIRT1–7), PARP1/2, CD38/CD157; universal hydride-transfer cofactor | C21H27N7O14P2 | 663.43 | Cellular energy metabolism, sirtuin-mediated epigenetic regulation, DNA repair pathway research, mitochondrial biogenesis |
| MOTS-c 10mg | AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase); nuclear translocation via importin-α; AICAR pathway modulation | C100H172N34O29S | 2,174.73 | Mitochondrial-derived peptide signalling, insulin sensitivity, metabolic homeostasis, exercise-responsive gene expression |
| SS-31 50mg | Cardiolipin (inner mitochondrial membrane phospholipid); electron transport chain complex I/III stabilisation | C32H48N8O6 · 4HCl | 736.70 (free base) | Mitochondrial membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) attenuation, ischaemia-reperfusion injury models, cristae morphology |
| L-Carnitine 5g | Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I/II (CPT-I/II); OCTN2 (SLC22A5) transporter; acylcarnitine shuttle | C7H15NO3 | 161.20 | Long-chain fatty acid mitochondrial import, beta-oxidation flux studies, acylcarnitine profiling, lipotoxicity models |
All molecular formulae and masses reflect the free acid or free base form of the compound unless otherwise stated. Researchers should account for counterion mass when preparing molar solutions from salt forms.
Reconstitution & Laboratory Handling Protocols
All compounds in this category are supplied as lyophilised powders under inert atmosphere and should be handled in accordance with standard good laboratory practice (GLP) guidelines. The following protocols reflect best-practice recommendations for each compound class and are intended to support reproducible, high-quality in vitro and in vivo research outcomes.
General Pre-Reconstitution Considerations
Prior to opening any vial, allow the sealed container to equilibrate to room temperature for a minimum of 15–20 minutes. This prevents condensation from forming on the lyophilised cake upon exposure to ambient humidity, which can introduce moisture artefacts and compromise solubility. All reconstitution should be performed within a laminar flow biosafety cabinet using sterile, endotoxin-tested solvents. Avoid vigorous vortexing; instead, employ gentle swirling or end-over-end rotation to minimise mechanical shear stress on peptide tertiary structure.
NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Oxidised Form)
NAD+ is highly water-soluble and reconstitutes readily in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) or sterile ultrapure water. Prepare stock solutions at 10–50 mM and store aliquots at −80 °C under nitrogen to prevent oxidative degradation. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles; single-use aliquots are strongly recommended. Note that NAD+ is susceptible to hydrolysis at alkaline pH; working solutions should be prepared fresh on the day of the assay and maintained on ice throughout the experimental procedure. Absorbance at 260 nm (ε = 18,000 M⁻¹cm⁻¹) may be used to verify concentration by UV spectrophotometry.
MOTS-c
MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c) is a 16-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide with a sequence (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) that contains several hydrophobic residues, rendering it prone to self-association in aqueous media at neutral pH. Standard reconstitution in isotonic saline frequently yields turbid solutions indicative of peptide aggregation or micelle formation, which can confound dose-response relationships in cellular assays.
Operational Decision:
Reconstituting MOTS-c can be challenging due to its hydrophobic amino acid sequence, which often leads to visible aggregation or micelle formation in standard saline. We chose to publish a specialised reconstitution protocol recommending sterile water with a 0.1% acetic acid buffer to lower the pH slightly, which fully protonates the peptide and ensures a perfectly clear, monomeric solution for cellular assays. This approach — widely adopted in our laboratory workflows — yields a visually transparent stock solution that passes 0.22 µm filtration without significant peptide loss, as confirmed by post-filtration HPLC quantification. Researchers are advised to prepare a 1 mg/mL stock in this vehicle, aliquot into low-binding polypropylene tubes, and store at −80 °C. When diluting to working concentrations in cell culture media, the acetic acid vehicle is sufficiently diluted (typically >1:100) to have no measurable effect on cell viability or assay pH.
SS-31 (Elamipretide / MTP-131)
SS-31 is an aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide (D-Arg-2′6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂) supplied as the tetrahydrochloride salt, which confers excellent aqueous solubility. Reconstitute in sterile water or PBS (pH 7.4) to a stock concentration of 1–5 mM. The alternating cationic and aromatic residues confer a high affinity for cardiolipin; researchers should be aware that non-specific adsorption to glass surfaces can occur at sub-micromolar concentrations. Low-binding polypropylene or siliconised glassware is recommended for all dilution steps. Protect from prolonged light exposure, as the dimethyltyrosine (Dmt) residue is susceptible to photo-oxidation. Confirm identity and purity of each batch via the provided Certificate of Analysis before use.
L-Carnitine
L-Carnitine is a zwitterionic small molecule with excellent aqueous solubility across a broad pH range. Dissolve in sterile ultrapure water or PBS to the desired working concentration; no organic co-solvents are required. Stock solutions of up to 500 mM are achievable and stable at 4 °C for up to four weeks when stored in sealed, sterile containers. For long-term storage, aliquot and freeze at −20 °C. L-Carnitine does not require special light protection. When used in fatty acid oxidation flux assays, ensure that the carnitine concentration is titrated appropriately relative to the acyl-CoA substrate to avoid saturating CPT-I and confounding kinetic measurements.
Storage Summary
| Compound | Recommended Solvent | Stock Concentration | Storage Condition | Stability (Reconstituted) |
|---|
